OCCUPATIONAL ORIENTATION IN CHEMISTRY-BASED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS

The research presented in this paper describes the German project “Career and Science Navigator (CSN)”. This project ties in with previous studies, which indicate that it is necessary to include occupational orientation more strongly into science education. For this purpose, the CSN project developed some specific learning materials and learning environments. These learning environments were implemented into practice and then evaluated with the help of a questionnaire based on a career choice model, which has proven useful in earlier research. The CSN intervention was able to bridge the gap between chemistry education and the area of occupational orientation. It thus contributes to supporting young people in finding a meaningful perspective for their lives. Additionally the CSN conception offers a way to make science lessons more attractive to young people by directly referring to the students’ everyday and future life.


Introduction
Following up the European debate on a future need of more young people taking up jobs in the area of the sciences (European Commission 2004, 181) the research of Bertels and Bolte (2009;2010) focuses on occupational orientation in German chemistry classes as one major aspect in students' career choice. This research is especially valuable and important as there is already a lack of young people taking jobs in the sciences in Germany now (McKinsey 2011, 21). Additionally this lack will increase due to the demographic change in German society (Brenke & Zimmermann 2005). The importance of research in the field of occupational orientation is also underlined by the "International Curricular Delphi Study on Science Education" . Results from this study about science education in Berlin show a mismatch between desirable and actual implementation of occupational orientation into science-related learning environments (Schulte & Bolte 2014, 201).
Taking up these findings which clearly indicate a necessity of optimization e.g. in the form of an intervention linking chemistry education and occupational orientation more closely, the study presented in this paper evaluates an intervention called "Career and Science Navigator" (originally: "Berufe-NaWigator").

Research Question and Theoretical Framework
The Career and Science Navigator (CSN) intervention examines the general question: To what extent do students feel supported in the process of occupational orientation within specifically developed chemistry-and at the same time occupation-related learning environments? Applied to the Career and Science Navigator intervention this question has to be modified as follows: How do the students participating in the Career and Science Navigator intervention feel supported in the process of occupational orientation?
To answer this question we adapted a research model by Bertels and Bolte (2010) which describes and operationalizes important factors influencing the students' career choice.

Figure 1
Research Model: Science related career choice (Bertels & Bolte 2010) This model consists of four major theories, each of them describing different impact factors on the students' science-related career choice (see Bertels and Bolte, 2010;Albertus et al., 2012). In this context Bertels and Bolte differentiate between two main impact factors influencing the science related career choice; on the one hand the students' chemistry lessons and on the other hand the individual. These factors are claimed to interrelate (Bertels & Bolte, 2010). To characterize the chemistry lessons as such Bertels and Bolte used the model of the Motivational Learning Environment. This model is focusing the students' interest and motivation (Bolte et al., 2013).
In this paper we are mainly focusing on two of the theories included in the model mentioned above. These two theories will hence be described in the following.
Occupational orientation can be considered as a developmental task, which according to Havighurst's Developmental Task Theory (1981, VI) is a "midway between an individual need and a societal demand". In the context of science education there are specific developmental tasks which can and should be supported in science education practice (Schenk 2005). One of these specific tasks is to know which profession to take in the future and what conditions go along with different professions. This task is directly related to the process of occupational orientation and is referred to as "vocation".
The construct of developmental tasks was operationalized quantitatively and related to chemistry education by Bertels and Bolte (2009;2010). Their research offers insights into the priority students attribute to the developmental task vocation against the background of how well they feel supported in coping with this task during their regular chemistry lessons on the one hand and the CSN intervention on the other hand.
The second theoretical grounding to evaluate the "Career and Science Navigator Learning Environments" is the so called self-concept. This theory is based on the cognitive representations an individual has about him-or herself (Kessels & Hannover, 2006, 350).
There are two general categories in which the general self-concept is divided: the academic and the non-academic self-concept. Both of these categories are subdivided into several subareas (Shavelson et al. 1976, 413). In the context of occupational orientation the academic self-concept (e.g. the school-related or the chemistry-related self-concept) is especially relevant (Taskinen 2010, 59).
Other scales to determine individual changes regarding the students' career choice caused by the CSN intervention we adapted from the PISA Study 2006 (OECD 2009) and from Kessels and Hannover (2006) (see below).

Intervention Career and Science Navigator (CSN)
In the course of the Career and Science Navigator (CSN) intervention, which should last a week, school classes take part in a specific learning arrangement in the Department of Chemistry Education of Freie Universität Berlin (FUB). During this five days stay at FUB the students learn about different occupations that require formal training such as laboratory chemist, chemical worker, pharmacist, specialist for sewage technology and specialist for food technology. At the same time the students practice typical operations of these occupations which are closely linked to chemical school experiments; like acid-base titration, burning sulfur, making an ointment, cleaning sewage and the production of soy milk.

Evaluation of the CSN project
The evaluation of the CSN project is based on the career choice research model by Bertels and Bolte (2010; see Figure 1). The questionnaires used to operationalize the cited model (Albertus et al. 2012) are also adapted to analyze the CSN project. The results presented in this paper refer to the following aspects whose empirical scales are described in the next paragraph: • developmental task: vocation (three times three items), • the students' career choice intentions (six items), • the students' interest in science (five items), • the students' information about science careers (four items) and • academic self-concept: school-related self-concept (five items) and chemistryrelated self-concept (four items).
The developmental task scale "vocation" provided by Bertels and Bolte (2009;2010)  To determine the students' career choice intentions we adapted the six items Bertels and Bolte used according to Kessels and Hannover (2006

Findings
The total sample of this study consists of 95 students at the age of 13 or 14 from five different German middle school classes. Table 1 shows the results of the developmental task scale vocation. The participants of the CSN intervention assess their wish to be supported in this task on a 4-stage scale with an average of 3.2 (SD 0.5). At the same time the students describe the support in dealing with the task vocation during their regular chemistry lessons with 2.1 (SD 0.8). In contrast to that the support in dealing with the developmental task vocation during the intervention Career and Science Navigator is indicated with 3.4 (SD 0.5) by the participants. The results for the students' career choice intentions, their interest in science and the range of the students' information about science careers are summarized in Table 2. During the Career and Science Navigator intervention the students' career choice intentions raised from 2.1 (SD 2.7) to 2.4 (SD 0.7) on average. This effect is statistical significant and can be assessed as a middle large effect. At the same time the students' interest in science remained stable at a value of around 2.7 (SD 0.8). The perceived extent of the students' information about science careers increased from 2.2 (SD 0.5). to 2.8 (SD 0.8). This effect is statistical significant and can be considered as large.  Table 3 presents the results for the academic self-concept scales. In the pretest the students describe the school-related self-concept with 4.9 (SD 0.8) and in the posttest the students specify this self-concept with 5.1 (SD 0.8). This increase is statistical significant and has to be interpreted as a small effect. Table 3. Evaluation of the learning arrangement Career and Science Navigator -school-and chemistry-related (academic) self-concept (1-negative; 4-neutral; 7-positive) Self-concept scales according to Bertels and Bolte (2007)  The effect for the chemical self-concept is also statistical significant. It can be characterized as middle large effect. The students' assessment of the chemical self-concept develops from 4.3 (SD 1.4) in the pretest to 4.8 (SD 1.4) in the posttest.

Discussion and Conclusion
The results for the developmental task vocation show that the students' do not feel sufficiently supported in dealing with this task in their regular chemistry lessons. A clear difference between the students' priority and the actual support in their chemistry lessons indicates potential for optimization. This fact confirms the earlier findings by Bertels and Bolte (2009;2010) and simultaneously attests the persisting necessity of interventions in this field as recommended in this contribution.
More encouraging are the findings regarding the students' support in dealing with the developmental task vocation during the intervention Career and Science Navigator.
With the help of the intervention we were able to even exceed the students' expectations by a value of Δ0.2. Hence the Career and Science Navigator learning environments can be seen as a positive example to be adapted for regular chemistry lessons.
Also the results for the other scales described above underline a positive effect of the Career and Science Navigator intervention on the students' process of occupational orientation.
The students' intentions to take a chemistry-related career for example increased about Δ0.3. Even larger is the effect of the CSN intervention on the students' extent of feeling informed about science careers (Δ0.6).
Obviously the students are more likely to take a science career if they know many different science-related occupations. A lack of information about science careers could thus make students not choose a science career. This conclusion should be investigated in future studies.
Additionally in the context of the Career and Science Navigator intervention we were able to influence the students' academic self-concept; especially the school-related and the chemistry-related self-concept. The school-related (Δ+0.2) as well as the chemistry-related self-concept (Δ+0.5) developed in a positive manner. As the science-related self-concept is very important to the process of occupational orientation in the field of the sciences (Taskinen 2010, 50) the influence of the CSN intervention in this respect is also exemplary for school contexts. Due to the results obtained in our study the CSN intervention can be seen as a good example for a learning arrangement which links chemistry education to the process of occupational orientation.
All in all the Career and Science Navigator intervention contributes to optimizing the support of young people in finding a meaningful occupational perspective for their lives. As the CSN intervention has been carried out as an out-of-school learning arrangement first, it can and should be transferred into school. Hence, next steps would be to train teachers and at the same time to implement the CSN conception into general chemistry lessons in school.
In the long run there is also the opportunity to adapt and evaluate the CSN conception for other science subjects (such as biology and physics). Apart from that the CSN conception can be extended to other occupations in the field of the sciences (e.g. optician, glassblower, laboratory biologist). A further step would be to analyze the long-term effects caused by the CSN intervention and to extend the intervention.