Constructing geometric knowledge
A narrative on circle tangencies in a generalised arbelos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.14.2.3139Keywords:
arbelos, discovery learning, dynamic geometry environment, geometry, figural conceptsAbstract
In the context of explorative mathematical work within a Dynamic Geometry Environment (DGE), this article tries to communicate the author´s construction of (established and new) geometric knowledge linked to a generalisation of the classical configuration of an arbelos. With the aim to trace the genesis of knowledge construction, the story of a discovery learning process is presented as a mathematical narrative with an educational gaze, which brings personal meaning making and institutionalised mathematical knowledge together. The story is theoretically framed by reflections on educational research on DGEs, discovery learning, and mathematical narratives. Some historical remarks on a generalised arbelos, relevant for the discussion, are also presented. Finally, some critical issues related to the narrated experience of knowledge construction and their relevance to mathematics education are discussed.
References
Amaral-Schio, R. B., & Haug, R. (2020). Possibilities of the DGE use in Math class: Brazilian and German experiences. Revista Sergipana de Matemática e Educação Matemática (REVISEM), 5(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.34179/revisem.v5i1.12192
Archimedes (n.d./2018). Book of lemmas. Translated by N. L. Kechris. https://archive.org/details/enbibliolimmaton/page/n1/mode/2up
Arzarello, F., Olivero, F., Paola, D., & Robutti, O. (2002). A cognitive analysis of dragging practises in Cabri environments. Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik, 34(3), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02655708
Baccaglini-Frank, A. (2019). Dragging, instrumented abduction and evidence, in processes of conjecture generation in a dynamic geometry environment. ZDM Mathematics Education, 51, 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-019-01046-8
Bankoff, L. (1994). The marvelous arbelos. In R. K. Guy & R. E. Woodrow (Eds.), The lighter side of mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History (pp. 247–253). Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DC.
Battista, M. T. (2007). The development of geometric and spatial thinking. In F. Lester (Ed.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 843-908). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Berggren, J. L. (2011). Lost or embedded works of Ku ̅hi ̅. Tarikh-e Elm, 9, 1–19.
Bergsten, C. (2003). En gyllene pyramid. Fem trianglar och en pentagon [A golden pyramide: Five triangles and a pentagon]. Nämnaren, 30(2), 36–41.
Bergsten, C. (2006). Magic circles in the arbelos. Report LiTH-MAT-R-2006-12, Department of Mathematics, Linköping University. Later published in The Mathematics Enthusiast, 7(2&3), 209–222. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=tme
Bergsten, C. (2009). Tvillingcirklar [Twin circles]. Normat (Nordisk Matematisk Tidskrift), 57(1), 22–31. https://normat.ncm.gu.se/2009.html
Bergsten, C. (2015). Beyond the representation given. The parabola and historical metamorphoses. In C. Bergsten & B. Sriraman (Eds.), Refractions of mathematics education (pp. 15–47). Information Age Publishing.
Borellus, A. (Ed.) (1661). Apollonii Pergaei Conicorum, Lib. V. VI. VII, Archimedis Assumptorum Liber. Florentiae MDCLXI. https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/2585234
Bruner, J. S. (1961). The act of discovery. Harvard Educational Review, 31, 21–32.
Ciaurri, Ó., & Fernández, E. (2017). Variations on an Archimedean ground: The generalized Salinon. The College Mathematics Journal, 48(5), 355–365.
Coxeter, H. S. M., & Greitzer, S. L. (1967). Geometry revisited. The Mathematical Association of America.
Danneels, E., & van Lamoen, F. (2007). Midcircles and the arbelos. Forum Geometricorum, 7, 53–65.
Danzer, C. (2024). Attitudes in mathematical discovery processes: The case of Alex and Milo. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 12(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.12.1.2131
Fischbein, E. (1993). The theory of figural concepts. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 24(2), 139–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273689
Freudenthal, H. (1973). Mathematics as an educational task. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Fujita, T., Jones, K., & Kunimune, S. (2010). Students’ geometric constructions and proving activities: A case of cognitive unity? In M. F. Pinto & T. F. Kawasaki (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 3, 9–16). PME.
Goldenberg, E. P., & Cuoco, A. A. (1998). What is dynamic geometry? In R. Lehrer, & D. Chazan (Eds.), Designing learning environments for developing understanding of geometry and space (pp. 351–367). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Healy, L., & Sinclair, N. (2007). If this is our mathematics, what are our stories? International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 12, 3–21.
Heath, T. L. (Ed.) (1897). The works of Archimedes. Edited in modern notation with introductory chapters. The University Press. https://www.aproged.pt/biblioteca/worksofarchimede.pdf
Hofstadter, D. R. (1997). Discovery and dissection of a geometric gem. In J. R. King & D. Schattschneider (Eds.), Geometry turned on! Dynamic software in learning, teaching, and research (pp. 3–14). The Mathematical Association of America.
Hogendijk, J. P. (2008). Two beautiful geometric theorems by Abu ̅ Sahl Ku ̅hi ̅ in a 17th century Dutch translation. Ta ̅ri ̅kh-e ‘Elm: Iranian Journal for the History of Science, 6(1), 1-36.
Kondratieva, M. (2013). Geometrical constructions in dynamic and interactive learning environment. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 3(3), 50–63. (Special Issue: Dynamic and Interactive Learning Environment) https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544152.pdf
Kondratieva, M., & Bergsten, C. (2021). Secondary school mathematics students exploring the connectedness of mathematics: The case of the parabola and its tangent in a dynamic geometry environment. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 18(1–2), 183–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1520
Laborde, C. (1993). The computer as part of the learning environment: The case of Geometry. In C. Keitel & K. Ruthven (Eds.), Learning from computers: Mathematics education and technology (pp. 48–67). Springer.
Laborde, C., Kynigos, C., Hollebrands, K., & Sträßer, R. (2006). Teaching and learning geometry with technology. In A. Gutiérrez & P. Boero (Eds.), Handbook of research on the psychology of mathematics education: Past, present and future (pp. 275–304). Sense Publishers.
Lachmy, R. & Koichu, B. (2014). The interplay of empirical and deductive reasoning in proving ”if” and ”only if” statements in a dynamic geometry environment. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 36, 150–165.
Leuders, T., & Philipp, K. (2013). Preparing students for discovery learning – skills for exploring mathematical patterns. In A. M. Lindmeier & A. Heinze (Eds.). Proceedings of the 37th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Vol. 3, (pp. 241-248). Kiel, Germany: PME.
Leung, A. (2015). Discernment and reasoning in Dynamic Geometry Environments. In S. J. Cho (Ed.), Selected Regular Lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education (pp. 451–469). Springer International Publishing. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17187-6_26
Mariotti, M. A. (2000). Introduction to proof: The mediation of a dynamic software environment. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 44, 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012733122556
Mariotti, M. A., & Fischbein, E. (1997). Defining in classroom activities. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 34, 219–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002985109323
Massarwe, K. H. (2023). Studying geometric concepts in elementary school through construction by compass and straightedge. International Journal on Studies in Education (IJonSE), 5(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.95
Mor, Y., & Noss, R. (2008). Programming as mathematical narrative. International Journal of Contiuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, 18(2), 214-233. hal-00591784f
Okumura, H. (2012). Ubiquitous Archimedean circles of the collinear arbelos. KoG, 16, 17–20.
Okumura, H., & Watanabe, M. (2008). Generalized arbelos in aliquot parts: Intersecting case. Journal for Geometry and Graphics, 12(1), 53–62.
Okumura, H., & Watanabe, M. (2009). Generalized arbelos in aliquot parts: Non-intersecting case. Journal for Geometry and Graphics, 13(1), 41–57.
Oller-Marcén, A. M. (2016). Archimedes’ Arbelos to the n-th dimension. Forum Geometricorum, 16, 51–56.
Różański, M., Samulewicz, A., Szweda, M., & Wituła, R. (2017). Variations of the arbelos. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, 16(2), 123–133.
Sinclair, N., & Robutti, O. (2013). Technology and the role of proof: The case of dynamic geometry. In K. Clements, A. J. Bishop, C. Keitel, J. Kilpatrick, & F. Leung (Eds.), Third international handbook of mathematics education (pp. 571–596). Springer.
Takaya, K. (2008). Jerome Bruner’s Theory of Education: From early Bruner to later Bruner. Interchange, 39(1), 1–19.
Welch, G. (1949). The arbelos. Master Thesis. Department of Mathematics, University of Kansas. Available from CORE at https://core.ac.uk/reader/213409760
Yiu, P. (2005). Elegant geometric constructions. Forum Geometricorum, 5, 75–96.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Christer Bergsten

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.



